Business Analysis Of The Print Shop Accounting Essay Free Essays

The Print Shop and Anglian Digital Solutions have been merchandising since 1998 and prides itself on quality and dependability. We produce both litho-printing aimed at medium to long tallies, and digital printing for print tallies of up to 1000 transcripts. Both of our printing services are backed with our in-house design studio to assist give your concern the border. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Analysis Of The Print Shop Accounting Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now We like to impart our client ‘s demands right, bring forthing your merchandise in the most cost effectual manner so we have split the company into two different concern watercourses. The Print Shop for all lithographic demands and Anglian Digital Solutions for digital print. All citations are channeled into the right concern watercourse to give you value for money. Accounting: Accounting is the art of recording, sum uping, coverage, and analysing fiscal minutess. An accounting system can be a simple, useful cheque registry, or, as with Microsoft Office Small Business Accounting 2006, it can be a complete record of all the activities of a concern, supplying inside informations of every facet of the concern, leting the analysis of concern tendencies, and supplying penetration into future chances. When you study accounting you are basically larning this specialised linguistic communication. This is because the information required by most organisations is really similar and can be broken down into three chief classs: Operating Information This is the information that is needed on a daily footing in order for the organisation to carry on its concern. Employees need to acquire paid, gross revenues need to be tracked, the sums owed to other organisations or persons need to be tracked, the sum of money the organisation has needs to be monitored, the sums that clients owe the organisation demand to be checked, any stock list demands to be accounted for: the list goes on and on.A Fiscal Accounting Information This is the information that is used by directors, stockholders, Bankss, creditors, the authorities, the populace, etcaˆÂ ¦ to do determinations affecting the organisation and its operations. Shareholders want information about what their investing is deserving and whether they should purchase or sell portions, bankers and other creditors want to cognize whether the organisation has an ability to pay back money Lent, directors want to cognize how the company is making compared to other companies. This type of information would be really hard to pull out if every company used a different system for entering their fiscal place. Fiscal accounting information is capable to a set of land regulations that dictate how the information is reported and this ensures uniformity. A Managerial Accounting Information In order for the directors of a company to do the best determinations for a company they need to hold specific information prepared. They use this information for three chief direction maps: planning, execution and control. Fiscal information is used to put budgets, analyze different options on a cost footing, and modify programs as the demand arises, and control and supervise the work that is being done.A Balance Sheet A Balance Sheet is a position study that shows information about the organisation ‘s resources at one given clip. Examples of information found on a balance sheet are how much hard currency is in the bank, what is owed to creditors, and the value of the company ‘s assets. Income Statement An Income Statement ( besides called a Statement of Net incomes, Statement of Operations, or a Net income and Loss Statement ) is a study that shows the flow of grosss ( sums earned from concern activity ) and disbursals ( sums paid in the class of operations ) over a given period of clip, typically a month, one-fourth, or twelvemonth. Statement of Cash Flow As the name suggests, this is besides a flow statement that inside informations the motion of hard currency through the organisation over a specified period. A The whole intent of accounting is to supply information that is utile and relevant for interested paras when doing determinations sing the company and its operations. In order to make that efficaciously, a specific linguistic communication and subsequent regulations have been developed for users of the information. By larning accounting you learn these regulations and can so pass on fiscal information with others in a comprehendible and comparable mode. Finance Operation: It is an authorization which is discerning with finding the criterions and determinations doing. It besides function allocates resources, including the geting, puting, and managing of resources. These maps are performed in all organisations, irrespective of their sizes, legal signifiers of organisation and they contribute to the endurance and growing of the house. Finance maps are concerned with the basic concern activities of a house, in add-on to external environmental factors which affect basic concern activities, viz. , production and selling. Current fiscal factors impacting the finance map include: Pressures to optimise fiscal public presentation Frequent alterations in accounting criterions Increased coverage and revelation demands Increased conformity demands Accounting Techniques: Control techniques provide directors with the type and sum of information they need to mensurate and supervise public presentation. The information from assorted controls must be tailored to a specific direction degree, section, unit, or operation. To guarantee complete and consistent information, organisations frequently use standardised paperss such as fiscal, position, and undertaking studies. Each country within an organisation, nevertheless, uses its ain specific control techniques, described in the undermentioned subdivisions. Fiscal controls: After the organisation has schemes in topographic point to make its ends, financess are set aside for the necessary resources and labour. As money is spent, statements are updated to reflect how much was spent, how it was spent, and what it obtained. Directors use these fiscal statements, such as an income statement or balance sheet, to supervise the advancement of plans and programs. Fiscal statements supply direction with information to supervise fiscal resources and activities. The â€Å" income statement † shows the consequences of the organisation ‘s operations over a period of clip, such as grosss, disbursals, and net income or loss. The â€Å" balance sheet † shows what the organisation is deserving ( assets ) at a individual point in clip, and the extent to which those assets were financed through debt ( liabilities ) or proprietor ‘s investing ( equity ) . Fiscal audits, or formal probes, are on a regular basis conducted to guarantee that fiscal direction patterns follow by and large accepted processs, policies, Torahs, and ethical guidelines. Financial ratio analysis examines the relationship between specific figures on the fiscal statements and helps explicate the significance of those figures: Liquidity ratios: step an organisation ‘s ability to bring forth hard currency. Profitability ratios: step an organisation ‘s ability to bring forth net incomes. Debt ratios step an organisation ‘s ability to pay its debts. Activity ratios: step an organisation ‘s efficiency in operations and usage of assets. In add-on, fiscal duty centres require directors to account for a unit ‘s advancement toward fiscal ends within the range of their influences. A director ‘s ends and duties may concentrate on unit net incomes, costs, grosss, or investings. Budget controls: A budget depicts how much an organisation expects to pass ( disbursals ) and earn ( grosss ) over a clip period. Sums are categorized harmonizing to the type of concern activity or history, such as telephone costs or gross revenues of catalogs. Budgets non merely aid directors plan their fundss, but besides assist them maintain path of their overall disbursement. Budget development processes vary among organisations harmonizing to who does the budgeting and how the fiscal resources are allocated. Some budget development methods are as follows: Top-down budgeting: Directors prepare the budget and direct it to subsidiaries. Bottom-up budgeting: Figures come from the lower degrees and are adjusted and coordinated as they move up the hierarchy. Zero-based budgeting: Directors develop each new budget by warranting the jutting allotment against its part to departmental or organisational ends. Flexible budgeting: Any budget exercising can integrate flexible budgets, which set â€Å" meet or round † criterions that can be compared to outgos. Selling controls: Selling controls help supervise advancement toward ends for client satisfaction with merchandises and services, monetary values, and bringing. The following are illustrations of controls used to measure an organisation ‘s selling maps: Market research gathers data to measure client needs-information critical to an organisation ‘s success. Ongoing market research reflects how good an organisation is run intoing clients ‘ outlooks and helps expect client demands. Marketing statistics step public presentation by roll uping informations and analysing consequences. In most instances, competence with a computing machine spreadsheet plan is all a director needs. Directors look at selling ratios, which step profitableness, activity, and market portions, every bit good as gross revenues quotas, which step advancement toward gross revenues ends and aid with stock list controls. Unfortunately, scheduling a regular rating of an organisation ‘s selling plan is easier to urge than to put to death. Human resource controls: Human resource controls aid directors modulate the quality of freshly hired forces, every bit good as proctor current employees ‘ developments and day-to-day public presentations. On a day-to-day footing, directors can travel a long manner in assisting to command workers ‘ behaviours in organisations. They can assist direct workers ‘ public presentations toward ends by doing certain the ends are clearly set and understood. Directors can besides establish policies and processs to assist steer workers ‘ actions. Common control types include public presentation assessments, disciplinary plans, observations, and preparation and development appraisals. Because the quality of a house ‘s forces, to a big grade, determines the house ‘s overall effectivity, commanding this country is really important. Performance restrictions: Although direction information systems have the possible to increase overall public presentation, replacing long-time organisational employees with information systems engineering may ensue in the loss of adept cognition that these persons hold. Additionally, computerized information systems are expensive and hard to develop. After the system has been purchased, organizing it-possibly with bing equipment-may be more hard than expected. Consequently, a company may cut corners or put in the system heedlessly to the hurt of the system ‘s public presentation and public-service corporation. And like other sophisticated electronic equipment, information systems do non work all the clip, ensuing in dearly-won downtime. Behavioral restrictions: Information engineering allows directors to entree more information than of all time before. But excessively much information can overpower employees, cause emphasis, and even slow determination devising. Therefore, pull offing the quality and sum of information available to avoid information overload is of import. Health hazards: Potentially serious health-related issues associated with the usage of computing machines and other information engineerings have been raised in recent old ages. An illustration is carpal tunnel syndrome, a painful upset in the custodies and carpuss caused by insistent motions ( such as those made on a keyboard ) . Regardless of the control processes used, an effectual system determines whether employees and assorted parts of an organisation are on mark in accomplishing organisational aims. Statistical Techniques to Test a Hypothesis: A statistical hypothesis trial is a method of doing statistical determinations utilizing experimental informations. In statistics, a consequence is called statistically important if it is improbable to hold occurred by opportunity. The phrase â€Å" trial of significance † was coined by Ronald Fisher: â€Å" Critical trials of this sort may be called trials of significance, and when such trials are available we may detect whether a 2nd sample is or is non significantly different from the first. Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory informations analysis, in contrast to exploratory informations analysis. In frequence chance, these determinations are about ever made utilizing null-hypothesis trials ; that is, 1s that answer the inquiry â€Å" Assuming that the void hypothesis is true, what is the chance of detecting a value for the trial statistic that is at least every bit utmost as the value that was really observed † ? One usage of hypothesis testing is make up one’s minding whether experimental consequences contain adequate information to project uncertainty on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a cardinal technique of frequents statistical illation, and is widely used, but besides much criticized. The chief direct option to statistical hypothesis testing is Bayesian illation. However, other attacks to making a determination based on informations are available via determination theory and optimum determinations. The critical part of a hypothesis trial is the set of all results which, if they occur, will take us to make up one’s mind that there is a difference. That is, do the void hypothesis to be rejected in favour of the alternate hypothesis. Undertaking 2: Identifying Users of Accounting Information: So accounting exists in order to supply information for interested parties to do determinations, now we can logically inquire: ‘Who are these interested parties? ‘ and ‘For what sort of determinations is accounting information required? ‘ Figure 1.1 shows the major groups of people who have an involvement in an organisation. The figure relates to a private sector concern but minor changes in the rubrics of the participants would do it every bit relevant to any organisation – for illustration, a authorities section, a local authorities unit, a charity, a nationalized industry, a school or a college. Staying with the illustration of a private endeavor concern, we can place the types of determination that each of the participants might necessitate to do with regard to the organisation and the information required. These are as follows: proprietors, the authorities, direction, clients, providers of goods and services, loaners, employers, rivals and anteroom groups. OwnersA Owners are concerned with doing two types of determinations: Investing determinations ; and Stewardship decisions.A Investing determinations are chiefly concerned with increasing the wealth of the proprietors. Those who own concerns usually do so with the purpose of increasing their wealth. Therefore, proprietors will wish to measure the extent to which the concern has generated fiscal benefits ( net incomes etc. ) and the likely future chances of the concern. They will besides wish to measure the grade of hazard associated with their investing in the concern. Information associating to associated hazards and returns will be utile when make up one’s minding whether to keep or sell their ownership involvement in the concern. In larger concerns, the proprietors tend non to exert daily control over the activities of the concern. Alternatively, directors will frequently run the concern on behalf of the proprietors. This possible struggle creates a demand among proprietors to have accounting information from the directors that reveals how the resources of the concern have been used. The proviso of information by directors to proprietors for this intent is referred to as stewardship accounting. Government: A authorities may necessitate information from a concern for a assortment of grounds including revenue enhancement, ordinance, economic direction and authorities contracts. Tax: A Businesss are taxed on the footing of their accounting net incomes ( capable to certain accommodations ) ; authorities ( in the signifier of the Inland Revenue ) needs information on each concern in order to make up one’s mind how much revenue enhancement to charge. Economic direction: Governments may besides utilize accounting information associating to concerns to assist in the general direction of the economic system. For illustration, accounting information may be utile in make up one’s minding whether to give support to concerns in a peculiar industry. Fiscal Statement Restrictions: The first restriction is that they are ever in the past tense†¦ they look back, non in front. Second, they merely reflect fiscal minutess. So all the of import things that are go oning in the company, the industry and the market place are non reflected†¦ has at that place been a direction reorganization, has the company fallen behind in merchandise development or engineering, has a rival late introduced a great merchandise, are at that place pending ordinances that will impact the company. Many things can impact the computation of ratios and do comparings hard. The restrictions include: The usage of estimations in apportioning costs to each period. The ratios will be every bit accurate as the estimations. The cost rule is used to fix fiscal statements. Financial information is non adjusted for monetary value alterations or inflation/deflation. Companies have a pick of accounting methods. These differences impact ratios and do it hard to compare companies utilizing different methods. Companies may hold different financial twelvemonth ends doing comparing hard if the industry is cyclical. Diversified companies are hard to sort for comparing intents. Fiscal statement analysis does non supply replies to all the users ‘ inquiries. In fact, it normally generates more inquiries. Non Financial Key Performance Indexs: Non-financial cardinal public presentation indexs, or KPIs, enable companies to mensurate the consequences of theirA † corporate duty and sustainability † A enterprises. By integrating the appropriate KPIs into their procedure, companies can derive a more comprehensive apprehension of how good they are run intoing their corporate duty aims. As organisations embark on environmental, societal and governance enterprises, they are detecting that fiscal steps entirely do non supply an accurate appraisal of their corporate duty advancement. For illustration, traditional fiscal indexs do non to the full capture all facets of a company ‘s relationships with its clients, employees and providers, or stand for its attempts with regard to sustainability. Budgets and Budgetary Function: Budget: A budget is a program expressed in quantitative, normally pecuniary term, covering a specific period of clip, normally one twelvemonth. In other words a budget is a systematic program for the use of work force and material resources. In a concern organisation, a budget represents an estimation of future costs and grosss. Budgets may be divided into two basic categories: Capital Budgets and Operating Budgets. Capital budgets are directed towards proposed outgos for new undertakings and frequently require particular funding. The operating budgets are directed towards accomplishing short-run operational ends of the organisation, for case, production or net income ends in a concern house. Operating budgets may be sub-divided into assorted departmental of functional budgets. The chief features of a budget are: 1. It is prepared in progress and is derived from the long-run scheme of the organisation. 2. It relates to future period for which objectives or ends have already been laid down. It is expressed in quantitative signifier, physical or pecuniary units, or both. Different types of budgets are prepared for different purposed e.g. Gross saless Budget, Production Budget, Administrative Expense Budget, Raw-material Budget etc. All these sectional budgets are afterwards integrated into a maestro budget, which represents an overall program of the organisation. Budgetary Control: No system of planning can be successful without holding an effectual and efficient system of control. Budgeting is closely connected with control. The exercising of control in the organisation with the aid of budgets is known as budgetary control. The procedure of budgetary control includes: 1. Preparation of assorted budgets. 2. Continuous comparing of existent public presentation with budgetary public presentation. 3. Revision of budgets in the visible radiation of changed fortunes. A system of budgetary control should non go stiff. There should be adequate range of flexibleness to supply for single enterprise and thrust. Budgetary control is an of import device for doing the organisation. More efficient on all foreparts. It is an of import tool for commanding costs and accomplishing the overall aims. Alternate Methods for Cost Analysis: There is a assortment of attacks to be analysis, the suitableness of any of which depends upon the intent of an appraisal and the handiness of informations and other resources. It is seldom possible or necessary to place and quantify all costs and all benefits ( or outcomes ) , and the units used to quantify these may differ. Main types of cost analysis include the undermentioned. Cost-of-illness analysis: a finding of the economic impact of an unwellness or status ( typically on a given population, part, or state ) e.g. , of smoke, arthritis or pressure sores, including associated intervention costs Cost-minimization analysis: a finding of the least dearly-won among alternate intercessions that are assumed to bring forth tantamount results Cost-effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) : a comparing of costs in pecuniary units with results in quantitative non-monetary units, e.g. , reduced mortality or morbidity Cost-utility analysis ( CUA ) : a signifier of cost-effectiveness analysis that compares costs in pecuniary units with results in footings of their public-service corporation, normally to the patient, measured, e.g. , in QALYs Cost-consequence analysis: a signifier of cost-effectiveness analysis that presents costs and results in distinct classs, without aggregating or burdening them Cost-benefit analysis ( CBA ) : compares costs and benefits, both of which are quantified in common pecuniary units. Restrictions of Budgetary Controls: The aim of direction accounting is to assist directors accomplish the missions and schemes established for their endeavor. It is a subdivision of accounting that provides fiscal and other information to directors. A cardinal function for direction comptrollers is to set up the control systems used to accomplish organisational ends and minimise hazards. One of the most of import of these is budgetary control, a powerful tool that encourages planning, sets mileposts, evaluates public presentation and suggests waies for betterment. Management comptrollers besides develop information systems that communicate strategic and operational precedences to managerial determination shapers. The aim of this class is to assist participants better understand the function and operation of the budget control and to locate it within the larger context of direction control. Using cognition already acquired in earlier degrees of the MBA plan, this class will allow pupils to get cognition on: – the public-service corporation and operation of a budget control procedure ; – the design of the budgetary control system as a map of the organisational scheme ; – the finding of cost behaviour ; – the usage of budgets to pull off grosss, costs and net incomes ; – the relationship between direction control and organisational construction ; – the organisation of fiscal information in a comprehendible, flexible, accessible and utile signifier to authorise determination devising ; – the rating of public presentation for different administrative units within the organisational construction ; – the development and usage of non fiscal public presentation steps. Undertaking 3: Business Evaluation: It is a procedure and a set of processs used to gauge the economic value of an proprietor ‘s involvement in a concern. Evaluation is used by fiscal market participants to find the monetary value they are willing to pay or have to consummate a sale of a concern. In add-on to gauging the merchandising monetary value of a concern, the same rating tools are frequently used by concern valuators to decide differences related to estate and gift revenue enhancement, divorce judicial proceeding, allocate concern purchase monetary value among concern assets, set up a expression for gauging the value of spouses ‘ ownership involvement for buy-sell understandings, and many other concern and legal intents. Methods for Measuring a Business: Asset Accumulation The Asset Approach is based on the premiss that it is by and large possible to neutralize the belongings, works and equipment ( PP A ; E ) assets of a company and after paying off the company ‘s liabilities the net returns would accrue to the equity of the company. Discounted hard currency flow method This rating method based on free hard currency flow is considered a strong tool because it concentrates on hard currency coevals potency of a concern. Since hazards are non ever easy to find exactly, Beta uses historic informations to mensurate the sensitiveness of the company ‘s hard currency flow, for illustration, through concern rhythms. Market Value This rating method is applicable for quoted companies merely. The market value is determined by multiplying the quoted portion monetary value of the company by the figure of issued portions. This rating reflects the monetary value that the market at a point in clip is prepared to pay for the portions. This rating method loosely takes into history the investors ‘ perceptual experiences about the public presentation of the company and the direction ‘s capablenesss to present a return on their investings. Corporate Hazard: It is a planetary, full-service concern intelligence and hazard direction house. We offer clients a full suite of services to cut down exposures to planetary hazards, A prehend upon concern chances, andA protect employees and assets. Our clients run or seek to run in many of the universe ‘s emerging markets, A and our services are designed to extenuate the hazards of prospecting and runing in these hard parts. We provide the insight necessary for clients to do of import concern determinations in a timely, efficient and comprehensive mode. Cost of Capital: The cost of capital is the cost of a company ‘s financess ( both debt and equity ) , or, from an investor ‘s point of position â€Å" the expected return on a portfolio of all the company ‘s bing securities. † It is used to measure new undertakings of a company as it is the minimal return that investors expect for supplying capital to the company, therefore puting a benchmark that a new undertaking has to run into. Debt vs. Equity: There are two types of funding: equity and debt funding. When looking for money, you must see your company ‘s fiscal strength. The more money proprietors have invested in their concern, the easier it is to pull funding. If your house has a high ratio of equity to debt, you should likely seek debt funding. However, if your company has a high proportion of debt to equity, experts advise that you should increase your ownership capital ( equity investing ) for extra financess. That manner you wo n’t be over-leveraged to the point of endangering your company ‘s endurance. Factors Effecting Capital Cost Structures: Business hazard: Hazard associated with the nature of the industry the concern operates and if the concern hazard is higher the optimum capital construction is required. Tax place: Debt capital is regarded as cheaper because involvement payable is deductible for revenue enhancement intents. Advantage non much for concerns with undiminished revenue enhancement losingss, depreciation revenue enhancement shield as they already have an bing lower revenue enhancement load. Fiscal flexibleness: Depends on how easy a concern can set up finance on sensible footings under inauspicious conditions. Flexibility in raising finance will be influenced by the economic environment ( handiness of rescuers and involvement rates ) and the fiscal place of the concern. Managerial manner: How much to borrow besides depend on directors approach to finance hazard. Conservative directors will usual seek to maintain the debt equity ratio depression. Decision: The concern analysis performed by analyst reduces waste, creates solutions, completes undertakings on clip, Improves efficiency, Document the right demands and it besides reduces the hazard and helps in the growing of the company. How to cite Business Analysis Of The Print Shop Accounting Essay, Essay examples

When Consultants Clients Clash free essay sample

Creating Customer Value Customer Relationship Management â€Å"When Consultants Clients Clash† 1. At which stage of the relationship life-cycle would you position the business relationship between the Statler Group and the Kellogg-Champion Securities? In order to elaborate and analyze this question, someone can base his opinion and his respective reasoning upon both the two models that we have discussed during the class. More specifically, we can position and perceive this specific relationship according to both â€Å"the five-stage evolution process† and â€Å"the relationship life-cycle† approaches. Thus, through my personal perspective, if at first we depend on â€Å"the five-stage evolution process†, which seems to be kind of more point-specific and rather static or stable, – not in a negative concept, just with specific, clear starting and ending points- we can position the relationship between Statler and Kellogg-Champion at an early stage. The two companies had already entered the â€Å"threshold of relationship-building† but they seem to be at a premature level, where they are both trying to adjust and adapt to the new circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on When Consultants Clients Clash or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since the collaboration until now seems not to be going well, only if the two brands manage to overcome the present unpleasant situation that I will describe for the next question, the two brands will progress through the other formative stages, where their relationship will grow and become well-founded. Thereinafter, through the second approach of â€Å"the relationship life-cycle† which in my eyes seems to be more dynamic, fluid and moving, the relationship between the two firms is a typical example of relationship that has just entered the exploration stage. It is again a matter of effective management, constructive communication and precise decision-making whether or not the two firms will manage to pass through this level with a positive outcome. Only when the two firms achieve to positively affect the commitment axis and gain higher levels of gratification, sharing and understanding, they will then succeed in entering the growth stage where they will mutually build and â€Å"foster† their relationship. Unfortunately, at the present time, the two participants seem to experience the â€Å"cognitive dissonance† syndrome, where, as the corresponding theory suggest, both parties driven by a diffused lack of confidence and trust tend to quickly and constantly re-evaluate, re-confirm and re-doubt about the situation and its conditions. 2. What are the mistakes made by both sides? It is clear and obvious that wrong and ineffective actions from both the two sides and in several perspectives, had resulted eventually in such an uncomfortable situation. Throughout the case, we can clearly observe several inappropriate or insufficient handling actions from both sides, whereas at the same time, the absence of the necessary â€Å"synergetic effect† among the participants it is obvious and widespread in this case. On the first hand, the top management of the Kellogg-Champion firm seems to have pretending not to see the real and actual parameters, conditions and dimensions of the situation. Especially when informing and presenting the overall picture to the Statler consultants, the Kellogg-Champion side should be both more sincere and more enlightening. The initial information and statements by Royce Kellogg -the CEO of the new joint company- and his salient disposition to make things appear simple, were by far not precise and effective. In situations like this, the part of combining, converging and unifying different cultures and different ways-to-do-things is essentially the most complex and difficult and not a simple and easy process as Royce Kellogg suggests. At this point, we can observe that behind these misjudgments from the top management sides of the new merger, several deeper, more complex and sophisticated issues lie. Essentially, the whole new structure seems not to be well-structured and well-founded, since the decisions and the corresponding executions are rather hasty and on-the-run; without the right evaluation and planning. In fact, the associate chairmen of the two firms had just agreed in the opportunity and the necessity of joining their forces, while at the same time they either neglect or avoid discussing, enlightening and deciding upon both the deeper, crucial differences in terms of heritage, culture or vision and the several ongoing functional or operational details. The lack of communication and diffusion of the new elements, factors and directions is obvious both through the internal context of each firm -the employees are really unaware and uninformed- and through the overall, general dimension of collaboration and interaction between the two firms. In few simple words, the merging process is characterized by a major lack of perceived mutuality and essentially no sense of real synergy between the two sides. On the other hand, there are several points of mismanagement also from the side of the Statler group. At first, the consultancy firm showed several signs of inefficient performance in a Key Account Management level of function, since the preparation of this case was by far not the appropriate. The firm proved to be â€Å"weak† and insufficient when evaluating and balancing the situation and this resulted in wrong adjusting/matching between their qualities in terms of human resources and their clients’ needs. Moreover, the way that the selected consultants’ team react, manage and handle the situation was from the beginning inadequate, non-relevant and non-definite. The consultants didn’t succeed in either proacting or reacting with the appropriate and necessary manner to the situations and the stimuli they experienced. Distinctively for example, they only stayed focused in the schedule of interviews that the CEO had already planned for them, they didn’t question, doubt or express any queries before or during this interactive process. As the situation was getting complex, contrasting and unpleasant, they selected not to express and discuss these embarrassing outcomes neither with the two â€Å"bosses†, nor with the several employees which they contacted. They only seemed to postpone the problem and its source by simply trying to calm the employees down. In contrast, the team did not under no circumstances manage to identify the core and the source of the problem –severe lack of mutuality and â€Å"synergetic sense†- and subsequently did not succeed in bringing the two firms in contact by communicating and dealing with the reasons of such an ineffective collaboration. 3. Is there a way for this relationship to work after all? What actions should be taken by the consultant? What the client should do? From my personal point of view, although neither of the sides didn’t manage to effectively proact in order to prepare the suitable conditions and â€Å"environment† for their collaboration and their relationship, there are still chances and time for them to at least succeed in reacting. Now, due to the kind of such a B2B relationship, the very first side that should respond to such non-positive signs, should be the supplier of the service; the Statler Consultancy Group. Thereby, regarding the side of the consultants any corrective measure could start with at last applying an efficient Key Account Management plan and function for their client. By saying this I mean that the consultancy firm should implement tactics and actions that will match their qualities with their clients’ needs. For example, bringing in a new, fresh face into the team; a well-experienced in these situations colleague who can stand as an expert about mergers, could be an action targeted to the right direction; the one of adjusting effectively resources with clients. Mergers and especially these like the Kellogg-Champion one, where the two initial firms have been showing almost equal shares and have been operating on similar lines of business, the integration process is complex, more demanding and with several special traits. Through such an initiative by the consultants’ side, the Statler firm can succeed in both the internal and the external/overall context of this unpleasant situation; on the one hand they will assist their employees (Barlow and Rossos), while on the otherthey will also greatly mitigate Kellogg’s anger and frustration. Furthermore here, we can also discuss the way how the existing team and especially S. Barlow can respond to the situation. As it has already mentioned and it is clear-cut through the case, the most significant â€Å"weakness-points† of the consultant are among her lack of experience, her lack of independency and her running uncertainty. Thus, Mrs. Barlow should re-evaluate the situation both the situation and past behavior and then re-form her future handling behavior in terms of â€Å"who-to-meet†, â€Å"how-to-respond† and â€Å"what-to-say†. On the other hand now, there could also be several possible ways for the clients of such a relationship to respond. Thus, in my opinion the very first thing that Mr. Kellogg should proceed in, is to at last be truly open-minded and sincere. The background of this man self-made businessman, charismatic leader and practical patron- makes him over-difficile and self-opinioned, so he must overcome these barriers, understand the real needs and necessities of his decision for merging and eventually communicate the right and â€Å"true† information in both the two directions; his companion in the merger, Champion Security and his assistant, the Statler Group. To conclude with, in my eyes, the only possible way through which both sides can reach a win-win relationship is through improving communication in all the necessary dimensions. Only at that case, the collaborators would achieve to; rebuild trust and confidence, reopen the dialogue, redefine both vision and mission and reform a resulting plan diffused by mutuality.

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The Creative Penn Has Much to Offer Writers If you are a writer looking for information about the process of planning, writing, publishing and marketing your book, The Creative Penn is an excellent resource. In fact, it was voted one of the top 100 sites for writers by Writers Digest and offers over 1,000 articles and 100+ hours of audio and podcast information, as well as multiple downloads and bonus material. As the mastermind behind the website, Joanna Penn is an award-nominated, New York Times and USA Today bestselling author of thrillers under the penname J.F. Penn and offers valuable advice through several free and paid resources available on the website.Navigating the siteWith easy-to-navigate links and enough white space to make the text-heavy site readable, The Creative Penn suggests that visitors start here with a page full of great resources for novice and expert writers alike. At the top of the page, Penn offers her free eBook and video series, Author 2.0 Blueprint, in which she shares everything you need to write, publish and market your book, as well as how to become an author-entrepreneur. Her websites visitors will need to provide and confirm their email address to download the free resource.WritingNext on the sites navigation is a link to Penns free resources on writing and editing. On this page, she offers articles and tips based on the following topics:How to Write Fiction: 7 Steps to Write Your NovelHow to Write a Non-Fiction BookHow to Find Time to WriteHow to Find and Capture Ideas for your NovelHow to Research your Book and When to StopSelf-doubt and Imposter SyndromeYou Have PermissionOn Writing and The Fear of JudgmentWhat is your Definition of Success as a Writer?How to Write More and Create A Daily Writing HabitHow to Use Dictation to Write Faster and Become a Healthier WriterProductivity for Writers: 5 Ways to Become More Productive5 Ways to Get Your First Draft Material Out of Your Head and Onto the Page8 Ways Scrivener Will Help You Become a Proficient WriterUsing Different Author Names or a Pseudonym as a WriterEditing, Revisions and Proofreading: What Happens After the First Draft?How to Find and Work with a Professional EditorTutorial: How to Improve your Writing with GrammarlyMy list of Recommended EditorsAfter following some of the links along this extensive list, I found a wealth of information on all aspects of writing and locating the right professional editor for your work. I particularly enjoyed the information she provides on setting goals and deadlines for yourself to stay productive as a writer and get more accomplished in less time. Many of the links also show videos of the author and guide the reader toward additional resources (both free and paid) that are available online and through Amazon.Self-PublishingThe next page full of links on The Creative Penn relates to self-publishing. In this section, the topics she goes into in depth include:Self-Publishing Overview and TipsPros and Cons of Traditional vs. Self-publishing5 Important Steps Before You Self-PublishWhat is Your Definition of Success? How Will you Measure it?How to Self-Publish an EbookHow to Format an Ebook and a Print Book with VellumThe Pros and Cons of Exclusivity with AmazonHow to Self-Publish a Print BookHow to Self-Publish an AudiobookHow to Record Your Own AudiobookWhat if you need help self-publishing? How to Find the Best Service and Avoid Getting Ripped OffSell More Books with Boxsets and BundlingTurn your Non-Fiction Book into a WorkbookHow Much Does It Cost to Self-Publish?Successful Self-Publishing Tips with Joanna Penn and Mark DawsonTop 5 Mistakes of Indie Authors and How to Avoid ThemThis section contains anything and everything you could ever want to know about how to self-publish your book, including information on recording your own audiobook and creating a workbook for your nonfiction book. I especially liked watching the videos she includes on many of these links, such as this one.Its obvious from Penns easygoing instruction and exp ertise that she knows what shes talking about when it comes to writing and publishing a book, and its nice to have a sort of insiders glance at the world of self-publishing from someone who has done it often and become successful at it.MarketingThe marketing section of the blog is where Penns expertise really shows. In the first part, she discusses the basics and prerequisites for author marketing success, followed by the polarities of book marketing and where you sit on the scale, the book marketing mindset for authors, when to start marketing your book and how to balance your time.She follows that section with topics such as how to attract readers with a great book sales description, how to choose the right categories and keywords for your book, pricing books and offering free copies, using author pseudonyms, using box-sets and bundling, and writing a series.Following this, she offers a great tutorial on how to build your author website in under 30 minutes. Having set up websites on my own and knowing the amount of work that goes into it (especially for a website design newbie), I decided to pay special attention to this section. As with other articles on her blog, Penn offers helpful resources such as a YouTube video and a free downloadable PDF to help authors set up their sites. She even offers a discounted affiliate link through BlueHost.com, which is the hosting platform she suggests for other authors.Its important to keep in mind that to build the website in 30 minutes, as Penn suggests is possible, you have to have a blog already set up on WordPress. Her instructions include a WordPress plugin through Blue Host that allows your WordPress site to basically transfer over. So yes, Im sure this can be done in 30 minutes but if an author is starting from scratch (without a blog already published on WordPress), they should not expect the site to be done within that timeframe.From an online marketing perspective, Penns advice on building and maintaining email lists for steady income includes a case study showing how she grew her own email list as and author. This particular resource is chock full of helpful advice on some of the finer points of automating email marketing campaigns. Penn explains that she went 603 people on her email list in November 2014 to 2,255 in January 2015 following this series of steps, which she clearly lays out for her reader. From a marketing perspective, I found the content to be extremely helpful to decode some of the confusion around email marketing campaigns and their usefulness.EntrepreneurIf you want to know how to make writing your day job and successful career, theres no better person to ask than someone who does just that. Based in Bath, England and a self-proclaimed travel junkie, Joanna Penn is a New York Times and USA Today bestselling thriller author who has written over 27 books. She is also an international professional speaker and award-winning creative entrepreneur. She has also written and se lf-published several nonfiction titles related to writing, including How To Market A Book, Business for Authors: How to be an Author Entrepreneur, How to Make a Living with your Writing, The Successful Author Mindset, The Healthy Writer, Successful Self-Publishing, Public Speaking for Authors, Creatives and Other Introverts, and Career Change.The Creative Penn PodcastFor writers who prefer to listen to interviews with authors and tips about writing, the podcast available on The Creative Penn website is free and available on RSS, iTunes, Android, Stitcher, and YouTube. With a combination of interviews, inspiration and information, the podcasts are posted every Monday and there are currently over 350 podcast episodes available to listen to and/or download.Some of the most recent podcast episodes listed are:#386 – Foolproof Dictation and Zero Social Media with Christopher Downing#385 – How to Write Effective Injuries For Your Characters with Samantha Keel#384 – The Artists Journey with Steven Pressfield#383 – Tips for Editing your Book with Natasa Lekic from NY Book Editors#382 – Redesign your Life to Prioritize your Writing with David Kadavy#381 – Writing with Depression with Michaelbrent CollingsCoursesThe Creative Penn website also provides access to three courses taught by Joanna Penn: How to Write a Novel, How to Write Non-Fiction: Turn Your Knowledge Into Words and Creative Freedom: How to Make a Living With Your Writing.The How to Write a Novel course is described as a step-by-step guide to understanding story structure and the elements of a novel, and then writing and editing your manuscript. The price at the time of this review is $297 or $50 per month for six months. According to Penn, it contains downloadable audio and PDF slides to allow students to learn at their own pace, with five modules along with extra QA videos with Joanna Penn.The How to Write Non-Fiction: Turn Your Knowledge Into Words course, accordi ng to Penn, will save you time, effort and frustration on your author journey. Penn describes the course as one in which she shares the business models of writing non-fiction, mindset issues around writing, the details of how to research, write and edit your book, dictation and productivity tips, as well as publishing, product creation, marketing and more.The Creative Freedom: How to Make a Living With Your Writing course is designed to be used to build a long-term sustainable business as an author entrepreneur and is an advanced-level course, available for writers who have already published a book. According to Penns description, it is specifically designed for writers who have a book or books but arent making money from them or writers who currently make some money from their writing but not enough.

The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan

The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan Between the 12th and 19th centuries, feudal Japan had an elaborate four-tiered class system. Unlike European feudal society, in which the peasants (or serfs) were at the bottom, the Japanese feudal class structure placed merchants on the lowest rung. Confucian ideals emphasized the importance of productivity, so farmers and fishermen had higher status than shop-keepers in Japan, and the samurai class had the most prestige of all. Samurai Feudal Japanese society was dominated by the samurai warrior class. Although they made up only about 10 percent of the population, samurai and their daimyo lords wielded enormous power. When a samurai passed, members of the lower classes were required to bow and show respect. If a farmer or artisan refused to bow, the samurai was legally entitled to chop off the recalcitrant persons head. Samurai answered only to the daimyo for whom they worked. The daimyo, in turn, answered only to the shogun. There were about 260 daimyo by the end of the feudal era. Each daimyo controlled a broad area of land and had an army of samurai. Farmers and Peasants Just below the samurai on the social ladder were the farmers and peasants. According to Confucian ideals, farmers were superior to artisans and merchants because they produced the food that all the other classes depended upon. Although technically they were considered an honored class, farmers lived under a crushing tax burden for much of the feudal era. During the reign of the third Tokugawa shogun, Iemitsu, farmers were not allowed to eat any of the rice they grew. They had to hand it all over to their daimyo  and then wait for him to give some back as charity. Artisans Although artisans produced many beautiful and necessary goods, such as clothes, cooking utensils, and woodblock prints, they were considered less important than farmers. Even skilled samurai sword makers and boatwrights belonged to this third tier of society in feudal Japan. The artisan class lived in its own section of the major cities, segregated from the samurai (who usually lived in the daimyos castles) and from the lower merchant class. Merchants The bottom rung of feudal Japanese society was occupied by merchants, which included both traveling traders and shopkeepers. Merchants were often ostracized as parasites who profited from the labor of the more productive peasant and artisan classes. Not only did merchants live in a separate section of each city, but the higher classes were forbidden to mix with them except when conducting business. Nonetheless, many merchant families were able to amass large fortunes. As their economic power grew, so did their political influence, and the restrictions against them weakened. People Above the Four-Tiered System Although feudal Japan is said to have had a four-tiered social system, some Japanese lived above the system, and some below. At the very pinnacle of society was the shogun, the military ruler. He was generally the most powerful daimyo; when the Tokugawa family seized power in 1603, the shogunate became hereditary. The Tokugawa ruled for 15 generations until 1868. Although the shoguns ran the show, they ruled in the name of the emperor. The emperor, his family, and the court nobility had little power, but they were at least nominally above the shogun, and also above the four-tiered system. The emperor served as a figurehead for the shogun, and as the religious leader of Japan. Buddhist and Shinto priests and monks were above the four-tiered system as well. People Below the Four-Tiered System Some unfortunate people also fell below the lowest rung of the four-tiered ladder. These people included the ethnic minority Ainu, the descendants of slaves, and those employed in taboo industries. Buddhist and Shinto tradition condemned people who worked as butchers, executioners, and tanners as unclean. They were known as the eta. Another class of social outcasts was the hinin, which included actors, wandering bards, and convicted criminals. Prostitutes and courtesans, including oiran, tayu, and geisha, also lived outside of the four-tiered system. They were ranked against one another by beauty and accomplishment. Today, all of these people are collectively called burakumin. Officially, families descended from the burakumin are just ordinary people, but they can still face discrimination from other Japanese in hiring and marriage. The Transformation of the Four-Tiered System During the Tokugawa era, the samurai class lost power. It was an era of peace, so the samurai warriors skills were not needed. Gradually they transformed into either bureaucrats or wandering troublemakers, as personality and luck dictated. Even then, however, samurai were both allowed and required to carry the two swords that marked their social status. As the samurai lost importance, and the merchants gained wealth and power, taboos against the different classes mingling were broken with increasing regularity. A new class title, chonin, came to describe upwardly mobile merchants and artisans. During the time of the Floating World, when angst-ridden Japanese samurai and merchants gathered to enjoy the company of courtesans or watch kabuki plays, class mixing became the rule rather than the exception. This was a time of ennui for Japanese society. Many people felt locked into a meaningless existence, in which all they did was seek out the pleasures of earthly entertainment as they waited to pass on to the next world. An array of great poetry described the discontent of the samurai and the chonin. In haiku clubs, members chose pen names to obscure their social rank. That way, the classes could mingle freely. The End of the Four-Tiered System In 1868, the Floating World came to an end, as a number of radical shocks completely remade Japanese society. The emperor retook power in his own right, as part of the Meiji Restoration, and abolished the office of the shogun. The samurai class was dissolved, and a modern military force created in its stead. This revolution came about in part because of increasing military and trade contacts with the outside world, (which, incidentally, served to raise the status of Japanese merchants all the more). Prior to the 1850s, the Tokugawa shoguns had maintained an isolationist policy toward the nations of the western world; the only Europeans allowed in Japan were a tiny camp of Dutch traders who lived on an island in the bay. Any other foreigners, even those ship-wrecked on Japanese territory, were likely to be executed. Likewise, any Japanese citizen who went overseas was not permitted to return. When Commodore Matthew Perrys U.S. Naval fleet steamed into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and demanded that Japan open its borders to foreign trade, it sounded the death-knell of the shogunate and of the four-tiered social system.

No Topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

No Topic - Assignment Example The idea behind this sentence means the simple fact that the more we try to develop our society and humanity at large; we are indirectly destroying the future. It was only few years back when we started globally developing ourselves in order to grow. Generally it has been seen that the ways of the humanity actually harms the balance of the nature and impact the environment. Since time immemorial humankind protected itself against nature, now nature must be safeguarded against mankind. Nature is the most important aspect of atmosphere, protecting it should be our foremost responsibility. Specifically risk are the "worldwide house" the Antarctic, sea couches, tropical timberlands, with numerous species debilitated by the insatiable development of interest for new inputs, while earths climate is overburdened with the buildups development deserts. Thus, it was during the 1980s that the ascent of a worldwide environmental cognizance was communicated by numerous voices, all regretting the dangers to the worlds biosphere and the offence to the eras to come. The group obligation to protect the "regular legacy of humanity" was conjured, and "Tending to the Earth" turned into a basic which disturbed spirits worldwide. Regard for the uprightness of nature, autonomously of its esteem for people, and in addition a legitimate respect for the privileges of mankind requested that the global nature should be secured. There have been numerous examples used by the author which shows how efficiently we have been destroying the nature in an irreparable way. All these were given with the sole motive to make us understand that we human beings are gradually destroying the nature and the misbalancing the universe with this act of ours. The in return will try and defend itself in a very ruthless ways. Ways which cannot be sustained by mankind. Until and unless we try and stop ourselves, we will have to face the nature’s fury at some point in future when

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Research Paper

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) - Research Paper Example A look into the history of OSCE over these years proves that the organization has done much more than any other organization could do in uniting the nations, preventing and mitigating conflicts, increasing mutual trust, and promoting economic and human rights conditions in the region. The highest political leader of the organization is the chairman in office. The selection of the chairman in office takes place every year from the member states. As specified in its website, OSCE has two permanent bodies which are responsible for taking important decisions; they are the ‘OSCE Ministerial Council’ and the ‘OSCE Permanent Council’ (OSCE website). The Ministerial Council normally has its meeting once in a year. This council is made of the Foreign Affairs Ministers of all the member states. As Bloed notes, the Permanent Council consists of representatives from each member state; this body conducts its meetings on a weekly basis and discusses the various issues in the region. Also, all immediate decisions are taken by this body (4). There are various offices to implement the decisions of OCSE. They are ‘the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), the High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM), and the OCSE Representative on Freedom of Media’ (qtd . ICNL). The secretariat of OCSE has its office in Vienna and it functions under the Secretary General. This secretariat has a number of various units. They range from â€Å"Action against Terrorism Unit, Conflict Prevention Centre, External Cooperation, Gender Section, Office of the Coordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities, office of the Special Representative and Coordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Strategic Police Matters Unit, and Training Section†(qtd ICNL, ‘NGO Law Monitor’). The OSCE has its origin associated with the dà ©tente phase of the early 1970s. In fact, there had been an increased interest in

Odors In Wastewater Treatment Plant Environmental Sciences Essay

Odors In Wastewater Treatment Plant Environmental Sciences Essay An upland reservoir in an area of a sheep farming area which is known to be soft and to have unacceptable taste and color with a pH of 5.5. A network of pumped wells delivering anaerobic groundwater from chalk aquifer. The possibility exists that there may be pathogenic organisms in the supply, together with the significant quantities of iron and manganese. Compare and contrast the possible water treatment strategies which may be required for the two sources. You should identify other quality test which you would recommend as essential before undertaking a detailed design of either option. Before recommending an essential water treatment strategy, we should know about the reservoir management. Water storage before use results in:- Reduction in Suspended Solids (SS) and color due to natural sedimentation. Reduction in pathogens due to self-purification. Minimize the fluctuation in the water quality thus enhance the treatment. Water storage also may lead to:- Algae growth which in turn will lead to increase in turbidity, smell, pH and even color. Increase in Iron and Manganese content present in soil. Thermal stratification causing variation in water chemistry and characteristics with little intermixing behind the reservoir. Color, Taste and Odor:- Hues in water is due to natural materials like iron and manganese; vegetable origins, humus materials, insoluble particles of soil, organic and microorganism. The true color of water is considered to be only that attributable to substance in solution after removal of suspended materials by centrifuging or filtration. Taste can be affected by inorganic salts or metal ions, a variety of organic chemicals found in nature or products of biological growths. Algae are the most frequent cause of taste and odor problems. According to Metcalf Eddy, Inc., the main sources of these are from (1) Septic wastewater containing hydrogen sulfide and odorous compounds, (2) Industrial wastes being discharged into the collection system, (3) Seepage handling facilities, (4) Screenings and unwanted grit, (5) Scum on primary settling tanks, (6) [Bio solids]-thickening tanks, (7) [Bio solids]-conditioning and dewatering faculties, (8) [Bio solids] incineration, (9) Digested [bio solids] in drying beds or [bio solids]-holding basins, (10) [Bio solids]-composting operations. pH:- pH is used to express the intensity of an acid or alkaline solution. A pH of 7 is neutral, if pH less than 7 its acidic, and pH greater than 7 is alkaline. Acidity is the measure of carbon dioxide and other solution. Strong inorganic acid acidity exists below pH 4.5; carbon dioxide acidity (carbonic acid) is between pH 4.5 to 8.3.Water should be close to pH 7 as possible. Possible Solutions:- A detailed raw water quality analysis (physical, chemical, biological characteristics) of the water should be done to establish a suitable strategy for treatment. Due to thermal stratification in different seasons, height of draw off point may need to be seasonally adjusted. Before treatment, the effectiveness of chemical coagulation of waste should be experimentally evaluated in the laboratory by using Jar Test. To reduce color, chemical coagulation and granular-media filtration is required. Odors in Wastewater Treatment Plant Odor Location Problem Possible Solution Earthy, musty Primary and secondary units No problem (normal) None required Trickling filters Septic conditions More air/less BOD Secondary clarifiers Septic conditions Remove sludge Chlorine contact Septic conditions Remove sludge General plant Septic conditions Good housekeeping Chlorine like Chlorine contact tank Improper chlorine dosage Adjust chlorine dosage controls Industrial odors Inadequate pretreatment General plant Enforce sewer use regulation Source:Spellman, F.R.,The Science of Water, Technomic Publ.,1998. Taste and odor can be enhanced by: Aeration:-Since the odor compound are often dissolved gases that can be stripped from the solution. Carbon adsorption:-Its the most effective way; Activated carbon can be introduced in any stage of processing before filtration where adequate mixing is available to disperse the carbon and where the contact time is 15 min or more before sedimentation or filtration. Oxidation:-It can be done by chlorination, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, or ozone. For water less than pH 6, feed pumps inject a neutralizing solution of sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide at the inlet. The dosage to be provided can be found out using Jar Test. In The Use of Soda Ash and Caustic Soda to Alter pH (Glenda M. Herman, 2013) it is stated that for water between pH 4 and pH 6, use soda ash mixed with water. Feed this solution in the source at a rate to raise the pH to 7 farthest from the source. Anyhow the basic system for treatment might be: Pretreatment Any process to modify the microbial water quality before the entry to a treatment plant; Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation Process by which small particles interact to form larger particles and finally settle out by gravity; Ion exchange Process used for removal of calcium, magnesium some radionuclides; Granular filtration Process in which water passes through a bed of granular materials after coagulation; Slow sand filtration Process in which water is passed slowly through a sand filter by gravity, without the use of coagulation. Answer (b):- The biological organisms in the water or wastewater are called the pathogens. They are organisms, capable of transmitting diseases in humans. These waterborne pathogens include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms. Attributes of the Three Waterborne Pathogens in Water Treatment Organism Size(m) Mobility Points of Origin Resistance to Disinfection Bacteria 0.1-10 Motile; nonmotile Humans and animals; water; contaminated food Type specific-bacterial spores typically have the highest resistance whereas vegetative bacteria have the lowest resistance Viruses 0.0-0.01 Nonmotile Humans and animals; polluted water; contaminated food Generally more resistant than vegetative bacteria Protozoa 1-28 Motile; nonmotile Humans and animals; sewage; decaying vegetation; water More resistant than viruses or vegetative bacteria Source:Spellman, F.R.,The Science of Water, Technomic Publ., 1998. There are various processes for removal of microbes from water. In particular, it discusses: Pretreatment oxidation -Process in which oxidants are added to water in the treatment process. This helps in: Maximize the contact time with the oxidant; Oxidize the compounds for subsequent removal by treatment process(e.g. iron or manganese); Provide initial treatment in sufficient time for water to be further treated if necessary (e.g. oxidation of taste and odor compounds); Control growth of microorganisms and higher organisms on intake structures and treatment basins; Improve the particle removal in clarification and filtration processes. Primary disinfection Process is a component of primary treatment of water and important because filter media do not remove all pathogens from water. Different types of disinfectant are Chlorine Mono chlorine, Chlorine dioxide, Ozone, UV light Mixed oxidants Secondary disinfection This process is used to maintain the water quality which we got at the treatment plant throughout the distribution system. Iron and Manganese Removal These are found in groundwater, industrial waste, and as by-products of pipeline corrosion.. They dont cause health related problems, but are not good because they cause aesthetic problems. Aesthetic problems associated with iron and manganese is: 1. Staining of plumbing fixtures 2. Discoloration of water (iron red water, manganese black or brown water) 3. Stimulates the growth of microorganisms. 4. Impart a bitter taste to the water Some of the economic problems caused are damage to textiles, dye, paper, and food. It may clog pipes and corrode through them. Iron residue in pipes decreases carrying capacity increases pumping head. Iron and Manganese Removal Techniques Precipitation: Precipitation (or pH adjustment) of these from water in their solid forms can be done in treatment plants by adding lime adjusting the pH of the water. Some of the precipitate will settle down by time, while the rest is easily removed by sand filters. This process requires pH level of the water to between of 10 to 11. Oxidation: It is the common methods of removing these, usually followed by settling and filtration. Air, chlorine, or potassium permanganate can be used for oxidizing. Ion Exchange: The ion exchange process is mostly used to soften hard water, it will remove all soluble iron and manganese. The water is passed through a bed of resin which adsorbs the undesirable ions, replacing them with less troublesome ions. Sequestering: Sequestering or stabilization can be used when the water contains low concentration of iron, when the volumes needed are comparatively small. This process does not remove the manganese and iron from the water, but binds it chemically with other ions in soluble form that will not li come out of solution Aeration: The physical process uses air to oxidize the manganese and iron. The water is pumped up to the air or allowed to fall directly over an aeration device. The air oxidizes and this is then removed by use of a filter. The lime is often added to raise the pH. Q2. Secondary wastewater treatment may involve biological treatment using either fixed film or free-film systems. Discuss, using diagrams where appropriate, which type of system might be more appropriate for treating the wastewater from a small market town with a population of 20,000. The town is situated alongside a sensitive lowland river from which a major water supply is abstracted further downstream. Your answer should explain, among others: the advantages and disadvantages of fixed-film and fixed film systems for secondary biological treatment; the typical effluent characteristics of each type of treatment system when operating in a standard, conventional mode; the specific needs of sensitive rivers with regards to nutrients loading, especially nitrogen and phosphorous compounds; the implications of discharging high nutrients into receiving streams being used as water supply sources; the implications of discharging high nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus compounds to receiving rivers from a water quality management viewpoint; the details of any proposed modifications to the conventional systems which you would consider might be adopted in these circumstances to reduce (manage) the nutrients and the cost implications for these. Answer:- The purpose of secondary treatment (biological treatment) is to provide removal of BOD beyond what is achieved by primary treatment. Secondary treatment process (biological treatment process) can be separated into two categories: fixed film systems and free film system (suspended growth systems). Fixed film systems: These are processes that use a biomass or slime (biological growth) which is attached to some form of film or media. Wastewater is allowed to passes over or around the film and the slime. When the slime and wastewater are in contact, the organisms oxidize the organic solids. The film may be stone, synthetic materials or any substance that is durable, should provide a huge area for slime growth an open space for ventilation. Fixed film system includes trickling filters, bio towers and RBCs. Suspended growth systems: These are processes that use a biomass (biological growth) that is mixed with the sewage. They can be used in smaller space than trickling filter that treats the same amount of water. A typical free film system includes the activated sludge process. There are a variety of these secondary treatment, we will discuss about the following conventional processes used: Trickling Filter. Activated Sludge. TRICKLING FILTERS: In most wastewater treatment, the trickling filter is used after the primary treatment. This process is a fixed film method designed to remove suspended solids and BOD. It consists of a rotating distribution arm that sprays the influent over a circular bed of rocks, synthetic media, or other coarse materials. The spaces between the film helps to circulate air easily so that aerobic conditions is maintained. The space allows waste to trickle down through and over the media. Organic matter in the water diffuses into the media, where it is metabolized. Periodically, a portion of the film sloughs off the media material and is collected at bottom of filter. This is passes on to the secondary settling tank along with the treated wastewater, where it is removed. The overall performance of filter is depended on hydraulic and organic loading, recirculation and temperature. Appropriate for small to medium sized communities (15000 to 20000) peoples. http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/toolbox/TILLEY%202008%20Trickling%20Filter.jpg TRICKLING FILTERS SOURCE: http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewater-treatment/hardware/semi-centralised-wastewater-treatments/t Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages Good Quality(80-90% BOD removal) for 2nd stage efficiency could reach 95% Moderate operating cost(less than activated sludge) Withstands shock loads than other processes Simple and reliable process and can be used were large area not available. Very efficient in removal of ammonia Disadvantages High capital costs Clogging of distributors or beds. Snail, mosquito and insect problems. Generate sludge that must be treated Regular operators attention is needed. Relatively high incidence of clogging. Additional treatment may be needed for the effluent to meet strict discharge standards. ACTIVATED SLUDGE: In this process influent and activated sludge is aerated and agitated. The activated sludge is finally separated from the treated mixed liquor by process called sedimentation and is returned to the reactor as needed. The treated waste flows over the weir of the settling tank in which it is separated from the sludge. Wastewater is fed into an aerated tank, where the microorganisms (activated sludge) metabolize and flocculate the organics. These are settled from the aerated mixed liquor in the final clarifier and are returned to the aeration tank. A portion of the concentrated solids are removed from the bottom of the settling tank from the process. Clear supernatant fluid from the final settling tank is the plant effluent. This process is effective to treat large volumes of flow (10000 to 1000000) people. http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/images/WastewaterAeration.jpg ACTIVATED SLUDGE SOURCE: http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/WhattoRemove-WW.htm Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages Flexible, can adapt pH, organic and temperature changes. Small area required. Degree of nitrification is controllable. Relatively minor odor problems. Low construction cost. Removes high percent of BOD. Disadvantages High operating cost. Generated solids requiring sludge disposal. Some process alternatives are sensitive to shock loads and metallic or other poisons. Requires continuous air supply. For a small population of 20000 and river being so sensitive I recommend using Trickling Filter would be more advisable for the town. Excess nitrogen and phosphorous compounds can over stimulate the growth of aquatic weeds and algae. Excess growth of these organisms can blue baby syndrome. Apply two-thirds to three-fourths of the planned fertilizer nitrogen just before the crop enters a period of rapid growth. Proper timing ensures maximum daily nitrogen uptake and minimizes the likelihood of unused nitrogen leaching below the plant roots. Apply a reasonable amount of nitrogen to your crop. When grain and forage yields are low, less nitrogen will be removed with the grain, silage, or hay crop or by grazing. Because a soil test is not a reliable means of predicting nitrogen response, consider analyzing plant samples collected early in a period of rapid growth. The need for additional nitrogen can be determined and applied before the crop matures. If your crop will follow peanuts, soybeans, or forage legumes (clover or alfalfa) of average or greater yield, reduce the amount of nitrogen you apply. Soybeans and peanuts may provide 20 to 40 pounds of carryover nitrogen per acre. A strong alfalfa stand may provide 80 to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre for the next crop. Be sure to analyze animal, municipal, and industrial wastes for nitrogen content when applied to cropland. Guard against dumping, as this practice may contaminate water with excess nitrate. Throughout the sandy soil surfaces of the coastal plain, do not apply nitrogen in the fall for springplanted crops. Piedmont fields may receive some nitrogen (up to one-half of crop needs) for springplanted crops.